From: M. Taylor Saotome-Westlake Date: Sat, 24 Apr 2021 23:09:17 +0000 (-0700) Subject: literature notes on sex differences in childhood X-Git-Url: http://534655.efjtl6rk.asia/source?a=commitdiff_plain;h=d284fdd0ff3b1ec501fc318cd067a4561f44f56e;p=Ultimately_Untrue_Thought.git literature notes on sex differences in childhood --- diff --git a/notes/trans-kids-on-the-margin-notes.md b/notes/trans-kids-on-the-margin-notes.md index 01757ff..7ea1a8e 100644 --- a/notes/trans-kids-on-the-margin-notes.md +++ b/notes/trans-kids-on-the-margin-notes.md @@ -80,8 +80,97 @@ https://segm.org/NICE_gender_medicine_systematic_review_finds_poor_quality_evide https://acesounderglass.com/2021/04/02/antidepressants-and-medical-uncertainty/ +my CAH table is derived from the "Developmental Endocrinology" book in /papers/ + "The Magnitude of Children’s Gender-Related Toy Interests Has Remained Stable Over 50 Years of Research" https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-021-01989-8 Degree of religiousness is genetic, but the specific religion is environmental— Koenig, L. B., McGue, M., Krueger, R. F., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2005). Genetic and environmentalinfluences on religiousness: Findings for retrospective and current religiousness ratings.Journal ofPersonality,73(2), 471–88. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00316.x. + +Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Johnston, K. J., Golding, J., Parents and +Children Study Team, A. L. S., & the Avon Longitudinal Study of +Parents and Children Study Team. (2002). Testosterone during preg- +nancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, +population study. Child Development, 73, 1678 –1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00498 + +Frisén, L., Nordenström, A., Falhammar, H., Filipsson, H., Holmdahl, G., +Janson, P. O., . . . Nordenskjöld, A. (2009). Gender role behavior, +sexuality, and psychosocial adaptation in women with congenital adrenal +hyperplasia due to CYP21A2 deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endo- +crinology and Metabolism, 94, 3432–3439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc +.2009-0636 + +Snow, M. E., Jacklin, C. N., & Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Sex-of-child differences in father–child interaction at one year of age. Child Development, 54(1), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129880 + +Goy, R. W., Bercovitch, F. B., & McBrair, M. C. (1988). Behavioral masculinization is independent of genital masculinization in prenatally androgenized female rhesus macaques. Hormones and Behavior, 22, 552–571. + +Lamminmäki, A., Hines, M., Kuiri-Hänninen, T., Kilpeläinen, L., Dunkel, L., & Sankilampi, U. (2012). Testosterone measured in infancy predicts subsequent sex-typed behavior in boys and in girls. Hormones and Behavior, 61(4), 611–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.013. + +---- + +notes from The Pre-School Activities Inventory: A Standardized Assessment of Gender Role in Children by Golombok and Rust + +toy pref.s as early at 18 mo. and established by 3 years + +How was the PSAI developed? Ask mothers to identify 10 aspects of sex-typical behavior, and 10 aspects of somewhat sex-atypical behavior. That was 153 items, which got pruned to 90 (10 masc/fem/neutral per toys/activity/temperment). The 90 item version got piloted on a sample, then do item analysis to maximize within-sex variance while only choosing items that discriminated among the sexes + +question: what is the theoretical justification for maximizing variance?—maybe it's that (as mentioned later), can measure differences within girls and within boys. Confirmed in a later paper ("Developmental Trajectories"): "During the construction of the PSAI, items that, while discriminating between the sexes, failed to differentiate between masculine and feminine boys, or between masculine and feminine girls, were excluded." + +pooled test-retest reliabiliy (after 1 year) .64 + +validity: ask daycare teachers to rate boyishness/girlishness, and correlate with mother's PSAI responses: 0.48 for girls, 0.37 for boys + +samples from UK, Netherlands, and Minnesota + +table 5: d by age + +30-35. (59.70-39.74)/((9.72+9.84)/2) d= 2.0408997955010224 +36-47 (3 y.o.) (60.58-39.38)/((9.91+9.68)/2) d= 2.1643695763144457 +48-59 (4 y.o.) (60.14-40.62)/((10.94+11.03)/2) d= 1.7769685935366413 +60-71 mo. (5 y.o.) (59.2-40.03)/((10.36+10.09)/2) d= 1.8748166259168706 + +---- + +notes from Childhood Gender-Typed Behavior and Adolescent Sexual Orientation: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study by Li, Kung, and Hines + +retrospective studies (as reviewed by Bailey & Zucker) find that gay adults remember nonconforming behavior as children, but those might be biased by memory + +Rieger, Linsenmeier, Gygax, and Bailey (2008) collected home videos and got independent raters—same result + +then there's gender clinical referals + +there had only been one other prospective study + +retrospective and clinical samples have limitations + +this paper is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children that recruited English families in '92, 7K each of girls and boys + +caregivers evaluated the PSAI at 2.5, 3.5, and 4.74 + +computing d values from Table 1— +2.5 years: (59.87-40.99)/((8.46+8.24)/2) = 2.261077844311376 +3.5 years: (61.54-37.08)/((8.69+9.31)/2) = 2.717777777777778 +4.75 years: (63.42-35.28)/((8.78+9.51)/2) d = 3.0770913067249865 + +GNC and gay were _monotonically_ related; there are similar findings about CAH + +----- + +notes from Developmental trajectories of sex-typed behavior in boys and girls: A longitudinal general population study of children aged 2.5–8 years. by Golombok, Rust, et al. + +another paper based on the Avon Longitudinal Study. Modified "Children's Activities Inventory" administered at age 8. + +CAI is completed by the child + +sex-typical toddlers grow up to be sex-typical children + +----- + +notes from Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J. "Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children". http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00498 + +T and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in pregnant women + +T but not globulin were linearly related to gender behavior in girls, but not boys; other obvious factors (brothers, father presence, maternal education) didn't make a difference + +----